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Imprisonment as form of Punishment in Italy and the Northern America (USA) Punishment has gone to a long way from becoming a measure of crime control alone (Durkheim, 1900/1983; Garland, 1990 cited in Ruddell 2005). It is no longer seen as merely a way of punishing criminals, or a means of inciting fear in the citizenry, so that they may not involve themselves in crime. Several theories can account for a country's ideology, policies, and practices of punishment and criminal justice processes. These theories differ primarily because of the discrepancies in the kinds and degrees that variables affect the punishment framework and policies for every nation. This can be further made complicated because some sociologists believe that "translation" between different cultures is not appropriate (Parekh, 2000 cited in Melossi, 2001, p.404). Many variables affect the understanding of the purpose of punishment, particularly since crime is influenced by factors such as...

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