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Rutherford In 1911, the British physicist Ernest Rutherford presented his theory of atomic structure. Rutherford, a former student of Thomson's, declared that nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in a tiny nucleus, and that the nucleus is surrounded by electrons travelling at tremendous speeds through the atom's outer regions. Rutherford based his theory on the results of experiments in which he bombarded thin sheets of gold with alpha particles. Most of the particles passed through the sheets, which showed that the gold atoms must consist chiefly of empty space. But some particles bounced back as if they had hit something solid. Rutherford concluded that these particles had been reflected by a strong force from the tiny but heavy nucleus of an atom. Rutherford's theory did not explain the arrangement of electrons in atoms. In 1913, however, a description of the electron structure was proposed by Niels Bohr, a...

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