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Drawing on a range of sources, discuss what might be the 'core' of modern geography and comment upon the forces that are contributing to, or working against, intellectual fragmentation.  

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4. Geography is a discipline in which there is nothing but 'fragmentation around a defended core' (Johnston, 1998, 139). Drawing on a range of sources, discuss what might be the 'core' of modern geography and comment upon the forces that are contributing to, or working against, intellectual fragmentation. R. J. Johnston's article 'Fragmentation around a Defended Core' (1998) is a convincing contention of the belief that geography is a fragmented discipline. By fragmented, Johnston refers to the divide of geography into different specialist sections; this does not only occur in geography, all scholastic disciplines are fragmented to varying degrees (Johnston, 139). Johnston's main arguments concern the higher susceptibility of geography to fragmentation due to the subject having strong links to other branches of learning, the positive and negative impacts of this fragmentation, and the existence/creation of a 'core'. This core binds the fragments together so that they can be commonly...

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