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20th Century Changes of the Arctic Sea Ice Cover Data collected by several countries bordering on the Arctic allow the construction of maps of the lateral sea ice extent since the beginning of the 20th century. Data from the first seven decades were derived from ship and aircraft observation while data for the last three decades come primarily from satellites. Figure 1 (from Walsh and Chapman, 2000) shows time series of the areas enclosed by the ice boundary (defined as having 10% or less of the surface of the ocean covered by ice). During the first half-century, ice extent in all seasons remained essentially constant. Beginning about mid-century, the summer minimum extent began to shrink while the winter maximum remained unchanged. Starting in about 1975, the maximum, too, began to shrink. Ice extent in September 2000 (not shown in the plot) is only about 5x106 km2, the smallest ever observed in this...

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