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The modernization of contemporary China began in 1978, immediately after the catastrophe of the Cultural Revolution.
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I. Introduction The modernization of contemporary China began in 1978, immediately after the catastrophe of the Cultural Revolution. Deng Xiaoping summarized the modernization of China into four programs: the modernization of agriculture, the modernization of industry, the modernization of science and technology, and lastly, the modernization of military and defense industry and technology. The first three themes aim to improve the overall living standards of the people and the material wealth of the society.1 The modernization programs are closely related to the reforms of the relevant sectors. The core of the modernization of agriculture is the rural reform; the urban reform is introduced to facilitate the modernization of industry; and the education reform is the key to the modernization of science and technology standard in China. These reforms do not run smooth, however, particularly the rural and urban reforms, which require the introduction of market mechanism and object the planned economy...
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