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Name: Haseeb-ur-Rehman, Matriculation Number: 00100285, Date: 15th March 02, Subject: European Law (LW22003) Coursework; b). The purpose of Article 81 is to protect competition, by regulating the activities of undertakings, which would otherwise act independently, where, 'undertakings' is interpreted, by the European Court of Justice, (ECJ) and the Commission, as any party or person engaged, in commercial or economic activities, involving, the provision of goods and services1. This article was created under, the 1957 Treaty of Rome, initially, as Article 85, and was based on, the American, Sherman Act of 1870, which dealt with 'anti-trust' law2. Accordingly, in the spirit of the mixed economy, Article 81 seeks to uphold the presumption that, any restriction, on free competition is, essentially reprehensible. However, in order to, maintain some degree, of control over free competition, Article 81, necessitates, a level of intervention, in the mechanics of the European economy. This means that, acts of industry and...

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