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The EC has a number of formal legal methods for developing Community policy. Article 249 EC Treaty1 (previously Art 189) sets out the different types of Community legislative acts: In order to carry out their task and in accordance with the provision of this Treaty, the European Parliament acting jointly with the Council, the Council and the Commission shall make regulations, issue directives, take decisions, make recommendations or deliver opinions. Article 249 EC Treaty (previously Art 189) provides that a 'regulation' shall be binding upon all Member States and is directly applicable within all such states. Regulations have 'general application', in that they are applicable to all Member States and are thus non-individualised legislative measures.2 Normally if a state enters into an agreement with another state, although that agreement may be binding in international law, it will only be effective in the legal system of that state if implemented in...

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