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Evaluate the rationale for green direct action and, using empirical examples, assess its effectiveness.
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Evaluate the rationale for green direct action and, using empirical examples, assess its effectiveness. Twenty years ago in the UK, the phrase 'green direct action' would have probably brought to mind the audacious and publicity seeking activities of Greenpeace, such as little dinghies bobbing along next to huge ocean whalers (Carter 2001: 131); or the direct actions of Friends of the Earth, notably in the campaign to return non-returnable drinks bottles to Schweppes (Carter 2001: 138). However, by the mid-1980s most observers agreed that, although once notorious for their direct action stunts, these groups had undergone a process of institutionalisation, which had blunted their radical edge (Carter 2001: 131; Garner 2000: 145; Jordan & Maloney: 1997). The green movement became almost exclusively dominated by reformist conventional pressure strategies. However, the 1990s saw "substantial changes in the character of British environmentalism" as "environmentalism in the UK suddenly seemed to take a radical...
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