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* Explain the multiplication of Ombudsmen and assess their contribution to dealing with citizens' grievances. The 1961 Whyatt Report recommendation to adopt mechanisms to deal with maladministration i.e. decisions taken with bias, negligently or unfairly, along with inspiration from the success of the ombudsmen in Scandinavian countries (where an independent and impartial person would investigate complaints of maladministration made by members of the public) resulted in the enactment of the Parliamentary Commissioner Act 1967, appointing a Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration. (PCA) Individuals who claim to have suffered injustice in consequence of maladministration in an action taken by particular government departments or public bodies1 can enlist the aid of the PCA (provided an MP has referred the complaint. (S5 (1) PCA 1967)) Maladministration has never been precisely defined either in statute or litigation. The so-called Crossman Catalogue offered by Richard Crossman during the passage of the Bill remains the primary reference point...

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