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Affirmative action Once upon a time, there were two people interviewing for one position at the same company. The first person, let us call him Jack, attended a prestigious university and academically rigorous university. He had many years of work experience in the field and, in the mind of the employer, had the potential to make a positive impact on the company's performance. The second person, named Jill, was just starting out in the field and seemed to lack the ambition demonstrated by her opponent. "Who was chosen for the job?" you ask. Well, if the story took place before 1964, the answer would be obvious. However, with the adoption of the social policy known as affirmative action, the answer is relatively unclear. After the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964, "it became apparent that certain business traditions, such as seniority status and aptitude tests, prevented total...

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