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Classical School In the late 18th and early 19th centuries people who committed offenses, such as robbery, stealing or those perceived to be witches were usually punished by either burning at the stake, hanging, decapitation, and drawing and quartering. The justice system of the day was very cruel and people, mostly the lower class, who were deviant, had no recourse to a fair trial. Jurors were made up of people who allegedly witnessed the crime, while people with property judged trial proceedings. Rick Linden and Tullio Caputo (2000: 179) further confirmed this by stating that the techniques used to punish deviance in eighteen-century Europe was oppressive, inhuman, and often times very "barbaric" (mentioned in Hermann Mannheim, 1972). An Italian philosopher, Cesare Beccaria, who presented a subtle and convincing argument against these oppressive and brutal punishments, criticized the criminal justice system of the day in his book titled, "On Crimes and...

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