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The Civil War of 1860 culminated a period of political chaos in Mount Lebanon that had begun with the exile of the great Shihab Amir Bashir II in 1840.  

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The Civil War of 1860 culminated a period of political chaos in Mount Lebanon that had begun with the exile of the great Shihab Amir Bashir II in 1840. Despite attempts of the central Ottoman government to control the growing tensions between feudal sheikhs, peasants, Maronites, and Druzes, no solution was effectively implemented. In 1840 the Maronite clergy tried to fill the vacuum created by the Shihab Amir Bashir's exile and promoted a path to independence. Poor diplomacy versus the Druze led to clashed with one time allies as they were regarded as "mistrusted aliens" in the Mountain (Abraham,18). The Druze, therefore, aligned with the Ottomans and the Maronites were faced with a two-sided battle. The Druze preferred to be an autonomous minority in the Ottoman Empire rather that under Maronite domination (Abraham,103). From 1840 to 1860 the Maronite establishment began to chart a course which led to the...

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