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Islamic Conquests up to 700 a.d. - Islamic Strengths / Roman Weaknesses? In the two decades after the Byzantine occupation of Ctesiphon in 629 the newly formed Islamic state had destroyed the Sasaninan Empire whilst severely damaged the Byzantine Empire. These gains were by no means temporary. Indeed our period sees the strengthening and expansion of these gains into northern Africa and the Mediterranean Islands. Yet, before Muhammad's extraordinary rise to power there had been no Islamic state at all. In a little over a decade Muhammad and his followers had converted a raft of separate and nomadic tribes into a state capable of defeating both the region's great powers. This conquest was as unexpected as it was remarkable. I will attempt to highlight both the Arabian strengths and the Byzantine and Persian weaknesses before examining their relative importance. The Arabs strength was primarily based on their unity. Whilst nomadic...

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