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Development of the Economizer As of this writing, the economizer has been built, pressure tested and installed in the prototype vehicle. Its performance as a heat exchanger has not yet been tested. Described herein is the theoretical modeling, design and fabrication of the economizer units. Future plans include rigorous road testing to verify the model and to identify possible modifications for a second-generation economizer. Design The economizer is required to vaporize and, if possible, superheat liquid nitrogen at mass flow rates of up to 300 g/s. It must not produce excessive pressure drop on either the tube- or shell-side fluids. The economizer must also be safe in both normal operations and during an accident. For the design of the economizer, a variant of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger has been employed. The tube-side fluid is the incoming liquid nitrogen and the shell-side fluid is the exhaust from the expander. To examine the theoretical limitations on...

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