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Reference according to traditional semantics Reference Reference involves extralinguistic expressions, i.e., the relations that hold between language and the world. In contrast with denotation (of a lexeme), the latter can be defined as the set (or class) of all the entities in the world (real or imaginary) to which the lexeme can be correctly applied, while the reference of a linguistic expression is its relation to a particular member, members or group of members of a class denoted by a lexeme, but, unlike denotation, it is a relation mediated by the users of the language. Thus, we can say that reference is dependent on the utterance of the linguistic expression due to the fact that it is the user of the expression who refers by investing the expression with reference in a given context or universe of discourse, in what is called 'act of reference'. In the present study, we will...

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