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Give a critical appraisal of pre-neoplastic foci in liver. It has been demonstrated on numerous occasions that the administration of hepatocarcinogens to rats gives rise to an increased frequency in the appearance of certain lesions [1]. Such lesions appear sequentially and seem to be representative of the different stages in the carcinogenic process. In this essay I aim to describe one of these lesions, the focus and to discuss its significance with respect to neoplasia. The process of hepatic carcinogenesis is multi-stage and involves atypical phenotypic and genotypic alterations to cells. The first step in carcinogenesis is usually called initiation and is characterised by an irreversible alteration of one or more hepatocytes, [1]. The initiation of carcinogenesis is thought to occur spontaneously or following the administration of a carcinogenic substance and results in the formation of an early lesion [1]. Following this are one or more stages of cell...

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