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Evolutionary Arms Races "...Thus I can understand how a flower and a bee might slowly become, either simultaneously or one after the other, modified and adapted in the most perfect manner to each other, by continual preservation of individuals presenting mutual and slightly favourable deviations of structure." (Origin of Species, 1857) Darwin was describing the interactions between organisms that result in reciprocal changes in traits (i.e. morphology, behaviour and physiology) over evolutionary time. He termed this phenomenon "co-adaptation". Over time, however, this term has become known as co-evolution, and the meaning of co-evolution has been refined. It defines an evolutionary change in trait(s) of the individuals in one population in response to a trait in the individuals of a second population, followed by an evolutionary response by the second population to the change in the first. This distinguishes coevolution from simple adaptations of organisms to their abiotic and biotic environment. For example,...

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