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Outline and evaluate research (theories and/or studies) into the way personality and/or gender modify the effects of stressors. The question of individual differences in vulnerability to stress is as interesting as the effects of stress itself. In every study, participants experiencing apparently similar levels of stress can show very different outcomes: some show psychological or physical disorders, while some get on well with few obvious effects. Of course, some of these differences are rooted in physiology, but the main interest has been in psychological factors influencing our response to stressors, such as personality types. There have been numerous studies coming up with the conclusion that people with intensive stressful life events are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disorders such as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Hypertension. Friedman and Rosenman (1974) studied the behaviour of patients suffering from CHD, and proposed that a particular behaviour pattern was associated with...

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