Cognitive, Social & Psychological Determinants of Emotional State.
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Schachter & Singer (1962): Cognitive, Social & Psychological Determinants of Emotional State (Psychological Review 69, 379-99) Background William James (1890) proposed that we experience various bodily changes as a response to some stimulating event. Our experiences of these changes are called emotion. Lange proposed a similar theory at about the same time, and so the theory is called the James-Lange theory. This suggests " we are afraid because we run, and we are angry because we strike out". Is this theory the wrong way around? Perhaps, but we do often recognise the emotion after the bodily response. Cannon (1929) produced a critique of the James-Lange theory. His objections included: * The same changes in the internal organs occur in a range of emotional responses. Therefore how can we tell anger from fear? * Artificial changes in the state of the internal organs brought about by, for example, injections of adrenalin do not produce the experience of emotion. * There...

