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Figure 1 - The reaction which takes place when the ligand is dissolved in an organic solvent, then shaken with the leaching solution Figure 2 - Simple flow chart of a typical leaching operation Conventionally, copper was mined using the method of smelting. This way, the copper ore is mined, crushed, ground, concentrated, smelted and refined. In practice, only high-grade ores were considered as this created maximum profit. This process has it's draw-backs though. The ore has to be crushed extremely finely - to talcum powder thickness - before the process can start. Also, the ore must contain copper minerals in sulphide form (such as chalcolite or Covellite). The major draw- back was the huge amount of Sulphur Dioxide produced usually more than the copper itself. During the 1980's, a process revolutionised the way copper was mined. Commonly known as the leach- solvent extraction-electrowinning process (SX/EW), it allowed copper to be...

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