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Who were the Neanderthals? Discuss the importance of genetic evidence for understanding Neanderthal extinction. Neanderthals, a species of Homo Neanderthalensis originated in Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago, during the Palaeolithic period. The relatively large number of Neanderthal fossils and their good preservation offers the possibility of healthy assumptions about their evolution and paleobiology. Nevertheless, debate still continues on important issues, and this suggests that deeper hypothetical and methodological differences lie at the root of the lack of agreement. Such disagreements are not likely to be determined by further fossil findings, but rather require critical re-evaluation of the evidence at hand and the purpose of novel techniques and perspectives. The Neanderthals are best known ancient humans for two of the main reasons. Firstly, they lived in the region which has been explored more than any other for its prehistory- Europe. Secondly, many of them lived...

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