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DESCRIBE HOW AND WHY BACTERIA REGULATE THEIR NITROGEN METABOLISM Micro-organisms play a major role in biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur. The nitrogen cycle involves several distinct processes. Nitrification is the aerobic process of nitrite and nitrate formation from ammonium ions. The process of denitrifiction is a dissimilatory process (loss of nitrogen to the immediate environment) that produces nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide. Nitrogen assimilation occurs when inorganic nitrogen is used as a nutrient. Nitrogen fixation (incorporation of gaseous nitrogen products into biomass) can be carried out by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. Over the last 10 years or so, there has been a dramatic increase in the level of understanding of the regulation of the metabolism of cellular nitrogen within bacteria. This new knowledge, at the molecular level at least, has been largely derived from studies of the classical nitrogen regulation (ntr) system in enteric bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli, Salmonalla typhimurium,...

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