Outline the key groups that may be disadvantagedin their ability to influence urban policy making and the implementation, and assess the reasons for their relativelack of power in the process[1]".

... "Outline the key groups that may be disadvantaged in their ability to influence urban policy making and the implementation, and assess the reasons for their relative lack of power in the process1". According to Healey (Booth, 1996: 11), the 1990s saw the introduction of pluralist approaches to planning, whereby the various communities in society can all have a say in the policy formation and implementation. This essay aims to identify the key communities and groups disadvantaged in the formation and implementation of urban policy, which in the main are defined by gender; ethnicity; age; and disability. The essay will identify and assess why these communities are excluded, and then conclude with the assessment of the strength and viability of these reasons. Public participation in policy formation is easier for some groups than others. In many cases the barriers that make it harder for some groups to participate in policy formation, are structurally institutionalised

want to read more? →