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?Why was Italy united after 1850 and not before? The Vienna Settlement of 1815 shaped a map of Europe which was not greatly changed for several decades. It bought Austrian sovereignty firmly into Lombardy and Venetia, which became parts of the Austrian Empire, and her influence was seen in much of the rest of Italy; Habsburg families ruled the Duchies of Parma, Modena and Tuscany; the Pope was also protected by an Austrian garrison. The Vienna Settlement aimed to reduce the French influence in Italy and to recreate the stability of the 18th centenary. This suited Austria as it kept the area relatively weak. It also enabled her to control the spread of revolutionary ideas over the peninsula. During 1815-1848, Italy was not a unified county. Prince Metternich, the Austrian Chancellor who exerted more influence on Italy affairs during this period than any other individual, once referred to the area...

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