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The Origins of Fascism Fascism made its appearance as a dominant force between 1922 and 1945, with paler reflections coming before 1922 and after 1945. It was essentially the experience of one generation, largely European, but not entirely so. Its orgins are plural, divergent, and imprecise. I. Questions of Definition Simply listing some of the movements which made their appearance in this time will make that point rather clearly: 1. Action Francaise (ultra-conservative, secular Catholic French nationalism) 2. Karl Lueger (pan-German, anti-semitic Catholic socialism, largely in Vienna) 3. d'Annunzio (electoral rodomontade in Trieste, influence on Mussolini) 4. military pronunciamientos in Spain 5. Mazini and his "Young Italy" 6. Frankfurt Parliament (Einheit, Freiheit, Macht) 7. Burke and Carlyle. The latter three are more problematical than the first four examples of fascist ideas and movements. We could add many more examples to this list, and no doubt will as we go along. Communism is an international doctrine which has gradually been adjusted to differing...

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