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Considering creatures by the name of Hard Cases, we are to assume that their perceptual beliefs are involuntary in the "hard way" where they do not retain intellectual authority over what they believe.
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Prompt: Considering creatures by the name of Hard Cases, we are to assume that their perceptual beliefs are involuntary in the "hard way" where they do not retain intellectual authority over what they believe. When we see a red table and lack an appropriate defeater, we are justified in believing that the table is red. Then the Hard Cases see a red table, they have the same perceptual experience we do and also lack an appropriate defeater. So they too are justified in believing that the table is red. Their beliefs are involuntary in the "hard way," however, so, according to deontological accounts of justification, they are not justified. Seemingly, deontological accounts of justification are mistaken. The deontological objection would have to reply to this seeming fallacy and establish grounds for having epistemic justified belief, that is, having a justified belief based on the body of evidence shown. It can be...
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