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Could the Manchus have avoided the revolution of 1911? The Reforms of the Early 1900's The humiliation of the Boxer Protocols imposed on China by European powers following the abortive Boxer Rebellion in 1900 drove the imperial government to undertake dramatic reform and Westernization. In 1901, the education system was reformed to allow the admission of girls and the curriculum was changed from the study of the Classics and Confucian studies to the study of Western mathematics, science, engineering, and geography. The civil service examination was changed to reflect this new curriculum, and in 1905 it was abandoned altogether. The Chinese began to send its youth to Europe and to Japan to study the new sciences, such as economics, and radical new Western modes of thinking started making their way into China, such as Marxism. The military was reorganised under Yuan Shih-k'ai (1859-1916), who adopted Western and Japanese models of military organisation...

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