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Open Book Paper 'The nineteenth century was a golden age for the discovery of elements [1]'. This was when scientist began to look for patterns and behaviours of elements. The early periodic table was arranged by the elements relative atomic mass rather than atomic number, which is now seen in the modern periodic table. Johann Dobereiner was the first to attempt to classify elements using their RAM (relative atomic mass). He identified that in a set of three elements (then known) in a group have similar properties (e.g. Cl, Sr and Ba [1]). He calculated that the RAM of the middle element is approximately the average of the other two elements (this was before the discovery of the noble gases). But after 20 elements his table became ragged and incorrect because he had to put two elements in one space and the RAM values were incorrectly measured. It was in 1869 when...

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