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Covalent Bonds Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons, one from each atom in a single bond, to form electron pairs, usually making their outermost shells up to eight electrons by this means. This would make them more stable, less reactive and an electronic structure like a noble gas. They are most frequently formed between pairs of non-metallic elements. Non-metallic elements usually have from four to eight electrons in their outermost shells, the so-called valency electrons, which are used for chemical bonding. In any given "full" shell of eight electrons, the electrons occur in four pairs, but in incomplete shells, the electrons exist singly where possible. Sometimes, atoms of elements form covalent bonds with other atoms of the same element. Thus two chlorine atoms form the chlorine molecule, Cl2, by sharing their unpaired electrons. In the case of oxygen (O2), there are two unpaired valency electrons in each atom, so...

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