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Practical examination (Part A): Planning exercise Candidate Name: Ahmed Rashid Centre number: 17543 Candidate number: 7893 Aim: To find the lowest concentration of Copper (II) Sulphate needed to bring about full denaturation of egg albumen. Introduction: A protein's structure is an exact thing and its precise shape is crucial to its function. Protein structure has several layers of organisation: The primary structure is the amino acid sequence. Different proteins have difference sequences. The linear polymer folds into larger secondary structures, for example alpha helices and beta sheets. The tertiary structure is the interaction of secondary structures. Quaternary structures are interaction of several protein polymers. Different bonds, in particular hydrogen bonds, di-sulphide bridges, ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions, maintain the structure. Denaturation occurs when these bonds are disrupted, either by increased kinetic energy caused by a temperature rise, different pH changes, which alter the ionic charge of the groups and so disrupt...

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