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Freshwater Ecosystems Only 3% of the world's water is fresh. And 99% of this is either frozen in glaciers and pack ice or is buried in aquifers. The remainder is found in lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. Lakes and Ponds Deep lakes contain three distinct zones, each with its characteristic communities of organisms. Littoral zone The zone close to shore. Here light reaches all the way to the bottom. The producers are plants rooted to the bottom and algae attached to the plants and to any other solid substrate. The consumers include * tiny crustaceans * flatworms * insect larvae * snails * frogs, fish, and turtles. Limnetic zone This is the layer of open water where photosynthesis can occur. As one descends deeper in the limnetic zone, the amount of light decreases until a depth is reached where the rate of photosynthesis becomes equal to the rate of respiration. At this level, net primary...

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