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Distinguish among positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, presentation punishment, and removal punishment
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Distinguish among positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, presentation punishment, and removal punishment. Give a concrete example of each. Whenever a particular stimulus is presented after a behavior, and the behavior increases as a result, positive reinforcement has occurred. This is the case whether or not the presented stimulus is one that others would agree is pleasant and desirable. For instance, some students will make a response to get a teacher's praise, but others (like James in our case study) may behave to get themselves a scolding. Most students will work for As, but a few may actually prefer Cs or even Fs. Depending on the individual, any one of these stimuli-the praise, the scolding, the A, or the F-may be a positive reinforcer. Take, for example, concrete reinforcers. A concrete reinforcer is an actual object-something that can be touched. Snacks, stickers, and toys are all examples of concrete reinforcers. Such reinforcers are...
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