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Any account of the development of criminology should begin by looking back to Europe in the late 18th century. This was a time of great social upheaval and change. Science was beginning to be a new force and, for the first time, it began to challenge the doctrines of established religion in seeking to explain social phenomenon including crime and deviance. Up until this point any thoughts or discussions on crime and deviance had mainly centred on the Christian church's belief that criminals were no different from 'ordinary' people, but that their deviant behaviour was merely evidence of mans inherent 'sinful state'. (The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 2002) Beccaria's book 'Of Crime and Punishment' published in 1764, was one of the first books to attempt to analyse criminal behaviour using this new scientific approach. He wrote a critique of the existing legal systems claiming that they were unfair. He said they...

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