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Explain the background, methodology, results and implications of this paper. In contemporary psychology, the behavioural perspective known as behaviour analysis emphasises careful measurement of overt observed behaviour, along with an appreciation of the role of environment just before and just after the response. Prediction and control of behaviour are of vital interest to mankind, and behaviour analysis offers the tools to accomplish this. Behaviour analysis maintains the primary emphasis on observable behaviour and its relation to environmental events. This is expressed particularly through the principle of reinforcement, the idea that patterns of emitted behaviour can be selected by their consequences (Grant and Evans, 1994). It is impossible to study behaviour either in or outside the laboratory without encountering a schedule of reinforcement: whenever behaviour is maintained by a reinforcing stimulus, some schedule is in effect and is exerting its characteristic influences. Only when there is a clear understanding of how schedules operate...

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