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Separation Even fairly brief separation from a primary care giver has severe emotional effects on the child. Robertson and Bowlby (1952) studied young children who were separated from their mother for a period of time, often before she has gone into hospital. They found that there were 3 stages in the child's response. This is called the protest-despair-detachment (PDD) model: 1. Protest - often very intense. The child cried much of the time, and seems panic stricken. 2. Despair - Involving a total loss of hope. The child is often apathetic and shows little interest in its surroundings. 3. Detachment - During which the child seems to behave in a less distressed way. If the mother re-appears during this stage, she is not responded to with any great interest. It used to be thought that children in the 3rd stage of detachment had adjusted fairly well to separation from their mother. However, it seems...

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