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Introduction to short and long-term memory What is memory? ... A cognitive (thinking) process. ... A way of retaining information. ... A number of connected stores. ... Actual information retained. According to Reber (1985), possibly all of the above. Memory has not yet been defined as a single process or fact and several theories exist about its nature, character and structure. Memory is generally thought to be made up of three parts: 1. Sensory Register (your senses) 2. Short-term memory 3. Long-term memory Both short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) are studied in terms of their ability to encode (make sense of) information, capacity (how much information) and duration (how long information can be stored). Short-term memory - Encoding Conrad (1964) suggested that short-term memory codes all information acoustically, that is, according to sound. Visual information is encoded (transformed) to its acoustic (sound/language) codes. Shulman (1970) disagreed and thought that short-term memory also coded information visually and according to semantics...

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