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Encoding in short term memory - Conrad (1964) suggested that short-term memory codes all information acoustically, that is, according to sound.
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Encoding in short term memory Conrad (1964) suggested that short-term memory codes all information acoustically, that is, according to sound. Shulman (1970) disagreed and thought that short-term memory also coded information visually and according to semantics (meaning). Research into encoding in short term memory - Conrad (1964) Participants were presented with a list of consonants for about 3/4 of a second. Participants were then asked to recall what they had seen. Conrad found that errors of recall were linked to letters, which had a similar sound. Bs were mistaken for Ps, Vs were mistaken for Ps, Ss were mistaken for Ps This suggests that visually presented information is encoded according to acoustics/sounds. Conrad referred to these errors as Acoustic Confusion. Research into encoding in short term memory - Shulman (1970). This research suggests that Conrad was incorrect in proposing that all encoding in short term memory was acoustic. Shulman presented participants visually with...
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