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Why was Italy not united by 1849? Following the Vienna settlement in 1815, Italy was left weak and divided. Metternich described Italy as a mere 'geographical impression'. There was no unity, no strong, collective nationalist spirit and Italy was far from a cooperative nation, simply a collection of diverse and often opposing states or regions under foreign rule. These divisions tore up the country and though the ideal of a potentially strong unified Italy was in the minds of many, traditional loyalties to localities sought to inadvertently undermine such utopian ideas. Therefore insurrections were particular and often brief or inevitably crushed with successes being short-term and their impact narrow in comparison to the wider political and national field. This incoherence, bred from self-interest and differing opinions, despite the emergence of forward-thinking political idealists, proved to be the major undermining factor in all efforts to cast off foreign rule and achieve unification. Within...

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