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What are the dilemmas of a pluralist democracy? Similar to the principal ideas of liberal democracy, pluralist ideas can be traced back to the early liberal political philosophy of Montesquieu and Locke. However the first systematic development of pluralism was by James Madison (The Federalist Papers) who feared 'the problem of factions'. Like most liberals, Madison also feared unchecked democratic rule that could lead to the destruction of individual rights (Heywood p. 78). Understood by Schwarzmantel (p.49) as a general theory, pluralism explains 'how democracy can be realised in complex modern societies.' He also argues that in such societies it is unrealistic to think of 'the people' in terms of one single solid block, sharing common interests and acting collectively to decide on common issues. Relating very closely to liberal democracy, pluralists view citizens as 'individuals', diverse and each concerned with a variety of interests. Because of this, popular power should...

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