What does citizenship mean in the European context?
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What does citizenship mean in the European context? Citizenship, broadly speaking, entails liberties, rights or entitlements and duties; and it involves the sense of 'belonging' that is also necessary to full membership of a political community Though nationality and citzenship may overlap ideologically, a recent survey of twelve member states of the EU(Gardner, ed., 1997; see also Qvortrup and Hazell, 1998 on the Nordic League) shows that, in practice, it is not the case that all citizenship rights are reserved for nationals. There is, however, no wholly uniform pattern about which rights are extended by states to resident 'neighbours' from other countries - or duties imposed on them. Rights to vote in General Elections are largely reserved to nationals - as in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. But Irish nationals resident in the UK have always been eligible to vote in British General Elections and...

