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Jenner, Edward (1749-1823), British doctor, who discovered the vaccine that is used against smallpox and who laid the groundwork for the science of immunology. Smallpox vaccination Born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucester shire, in a rural vicarage, Jenner became a keen observer of nature at an early age. After nine years as a surgeon's apprentice, he went to London to study anatomy and surgery under the prominent surgeon John Hunter, then returned to Berkeley to start a country practice that lasted the rest of his life. Smallpox, a major cause of death in the 18th century, was treated in Jenner's time by the often-fatal procedure of inoculating healthy people with pustule substances from those who had mild cases of the disease. Jenner observed, among his patients, that those who had been exposed to the much milder disease cowpox were completely resistant to these inoculations.1 Louis Pasteur After spending several...

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