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1a) literal rule; the literal rule says that the intention of parliament is best found in the ordinary natural meaning of the words this he literal meaning rule, the literal meaning must be followed, even if the result is silly. Lord Esher stated in R v judge of city of London court; if the words of an act are clear, you must follow them, even though they lead to a manifest absurdities e.g. Whitely v chapel (1808). A statute aimed at preventing electoral malpractice made it an offence to impersonate "any person entitled to vote" at an election. The accused was acquitted because he impersonated a dead person and a dead person is not entitled to vote. Golden rule: the golden rule says that if the literal rule produces an absurdity. The court should look for another meaning of the word that avoids the absurd result. In river wear commission v...

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