Did Gregory VII have a consistent view of temporal power?
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- Tue Nov 18 2003

Have a little read: ... Did Gregory VII have a consistent view of temporal power? Pope Gregory VII's views on temporal power contain several themes that seem to crop up more than most. One much repeated idea is that the immense power of temporal rulers actually limited their authority. The Pope and his supporters put forward the concept that there is a division between power and authority during their refutations. The dualistic implications of this view were that "power" implied "worldly" and that "authority" implied "divine". Authority is more important than power because it is the means to justify actions whereas power is merely the means of carrying them out. Gregory believed this idea so much and used it so much in his letters that soon "power" had become a dirty word. An example of this would be the Pope's letter to the Bishop of Metz, stating that Christ "despised a worldly kingdom." I believe this to be a reference to when Christ was in the wilderness being tempted with all the power in the world by the devil. Christ rejected the devil, and in doing so showed that he had complete authority and that the devil had complete power. Here Gregory is likening himself to Christ, showing how much he was above these petty affairs. Manegold believed firmly that kingship was just an office, to which a straight equivocation with the hierarchy in the church was to apply. Manegold formed his argument around a central attack upon the general belief that the crown itself and its wearer were one and the same, inseparable. Manegold's opinion was such that if the King failed to perform the set tasks that were expected of him as king, he forfeited his crown because he had made a pact with society that he had failed to honour. Despite Gregory's references to Manegold's work in some of his letters Manegold's consistent view that temporal power was consistent, it is shown in Leyser's The Polemics of the Papal Revolution that he "was rumoured not to have won papal approval." In light of this I find it difficult to believe that Manegold's work contributed significantly to Gregory's view of temporal power. Leyser describes Gregory's view of temporal power as "rugged and dissonant" and this can be best seen in the many differing letters Gregory writes to many different people with completely different ideals and personalities. An example of one of
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