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Justify and consider limitations of each imaging investigation selected to determine the presence and staging of suspected Prostate Cancer.
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Justify and consider limitations of each imaging investigation selected to determine the presence and staging of suspected Prostate Cancer A 65-year-old male patient with suspicion of prostate cancer will initially have a digital rectal examination (DRE) and a serum test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. An abnormal DRE and elevated PSA levels (>4ng/ml) indicates a prostate disorder (Yu and Hricak 2000). This suspicion has to be diagnostically confirmed to start appropriate treatment planning. Trans-Rectal Ultrasound (TRUS) is the first line investigation; it produces high-resolution images by placing a high frequency transducer within the rectum (Yu and Hricak 2000). Lesions as small as a few millimetres (mm) can be seen (Cass 1992), however, TRUS cannot distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Prostate cancer is commonly seen as a hypoechoic lesion in the peripheral zone (PZ), of the prostate gland. However, this appearance is not specific and only 40% of hypoechoic lesions are...
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