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Biopsychological theories of drug addiction primary source Pinel 2000 Physical Dependence theories of Addiction According to this model physical dependence in the form of withdrawal symptoms traps addicts in a vicious circle of drug taking. Early drug addiction treatment programs based on this programme attempted to break the vicious circle of drug taking by gradually withdrawing drugs from addicts in a controlled environment. Unfortunately, once discharged, almost all detoxified addicts i.e. addicts with no drugs in their body hence free of withdrawal symptoms returned to their drug taking habits. Modern physical dependence theories tried to compensate for this failure by suggesting that in addition to physical withdrawal symptoms addicts also experience conditioned withdrawal symptoms. According to this theory, when addicts who have remained drug free for a while return to a situation where they previously experienced the drug, conditioned withdrawal effects opposite to the drugs ( conditioned compensatory response ) are...

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