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The most obvious aspect of language is speech. Speech is not essential to the definition of an infinitely productive communication system, such as is constituted by a language. But, in fact, speech is the universal material of human language, and the conditions of speaking and hearing have, throughout human history, shaped and determined its development. The study of speech sounds and of the physiology of speaking is called phonetics; this subject is dealt with further below. Articulatory phonetics relates to the physiology of speech and acoustic phonetics to the physics of sound waves, their transmission and reception. Phonetics covers much of the ground loosely referred to in language study as pronunciation. But, from a rather different point of view, speech sounds are also studied in phonology. Every language makes use of a very wide range of the articulations and resultant sounds that are available within the human vocal and auditory...

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