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McCartney's mission, followed by Amherst's mission, could be considered as one of the primitive contact held between Britain and China. Despite their effort, McCartney and Amherst's missions both failed and caused an enormous effect on British-Chinese relationship for a long period of time. Why did the embassies of Lord McCartney in 1793 and Lord Amherst in 1816 fail? It is mostly due to the persistent view that the Chinese government was not disinclined toward foreign intercourse. British wished to achieve several objectives which were mainly about the trade and the diplomatic representation. So McCartney had visited China and tried to open discussion with Ho-shen. But China regarded McCartney's visit to Peking as a celebration of the emperor's birthday. Even though the mission was warmly welcomed by the governor-general, a flag bearing the characters of "Tributary Envoy from England" was placed on their boat. The Ch'ing court considered diplomatic negotiations...

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