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1. How far was the first Anglo-Chinese war as an Opium War? The Chinese customarily calls the Anglo-Chinese War 1839-1842 the Opium War because from their point of view, the opium trade was the main cause of the war. From the British standpoint, the motive for the war was not opium prohibition but rather the repeated insults and humiliation; the British had received from the Chinese government. They claimed that the conflict between China and Britain had been brewing for many decades. Even without opium, it would still have been erupted as a result of their differing conceptions of international relations, trade and jurisdiction. According to their view, the opium prohibition was merely its precipitating, immediate cause, but not the importance of opium in contributing to the war. It was opium that strained the Sino-British relationship, deepened their quarrels and finally acted as a spark that led to war. Of...

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