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The Global Positioning System The low quality training of the US Army showed during the Vietnam War, when it was realised that none of the troops could read a map and work out their position. The US Department of Defence (DoD) decided to try and rectify this problem, using technology and physics, rather than actually teach their troops to read maps. To begin with, the DoD experimented with 4 satellites, codenamed TRANSIT. These four satellites were in high orbit above the earth. The system was available to both the US military and any marine users. However, the system was flawed, as position fixes could only be made once every 2 hours, in favourable conditions. Obviously, in military applications, this was nowhere near good enough. In the late eighties, the NavStar system was developed, NavStar standing for Navigational Satellite Timing And Ranging. The system became operational in 1986. However, at this time, NavStar...

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