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In order to be liable for most criminal offences it is necessary for the defendant to have committed the actus reus; the wrongful act, whilst having the necessary mens rea; the guilty intention. Both are explained within the common law or by an act of parliament. For example in the Theft Act 1968 the actus reus is described as "the dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another". The actus reus will usually be a positive act and must be legally defined as being wrong. In order to convict a person of murder it is necessary to show that the act of the defendant was the substantial cause of the crime and the prosecution must prove that the defendant caused the victims death. Upon hearing the case the courts must decide whether the defendant was a factual cause of the victim's death. This test is known as the sin qua...

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